AFRICAN TRADITIONAL THEATER OR UNKNOWN PERFORMANCES

(DESPITE EUROPEAN COLONIZATION)

BY CLEMENT IJEOMA, DICKSON GODWIN, RICHARD IMARUAGHERU OSARODION

Theater in Africa takes many different forms and comes from diverse roots. Indigenous customs, such as storytelling, ritual, dance and masquerades are the oldest types of theater on the continent. In North Africa and other areas dominated by Islamic culture, theater often includes reciting popular tales and acting out religious stories, such as the death of Christ, the son of God. Since the arrival of Europeans, Africans have also staged plays in the style of Western Theater: dramas and comedies based on scripts.

Today’s African artists often combine various forms to create new styles of theater. For example, many modern African plays are Western in structure but include traditional elements. In many cases African plays deal with controversial political and social issues.

The types of performance that existed in Africa before the arrival of European colonizations are generally referred to such as “traditional theater”. Some traditional theater is performed for entertainment, such as the storytelling of the first king in Benin, that died outside Benin. Other traditional theater has important religious and social meaning. Examples of such performances include: the ancient ritual dramas and dances of the “Khoisan people” of Southern Africa; the spectacular masquerades performed in Sierra Leone, Nigeria, and Ghana; the songs and ritual stories acted out by the Xhosa and Zulu people in Lesotho and South Africa.

Traditional theater in all African cultures shares certain features. It does not have a script or a “correct” version that performers must follow. Characters are not portrayed as individuals but as general types, such as the dishonest merchant, the prostitute, or the foreigner. Performances often criticize or make fun of political and social targets, such as corrupt chiefs or greedy prophets of foreign religions. Song, music, and dance are highly important elements of the performance.

African traditional theater is a group activity, often without boundaries between creators, performers, and audience. Unlike modern plays, traditional rituals and tales are not written by individual playwrights. They have been molded from the culture and customs of an entire community and are passed on by memory from generation to generation. Rather than taking place on a stage at a planned time and date, performances are part of the social and cultural activities associated with daily life and with major events such as birth, initiation rites, hunting, marriage, spirit possession and death.

A good example of African traditional theater is the Koteba of Mali. This light-hearted performance has two parts: the first consists of music, chanting, and dancing, with the audience participating; the second part is a series of short plays and skits made up by performers. These comic presentations make fun of character types such as the blind man, the miser, the leper and others. The official theater company of Mali, The National Koteba, also works to preserve the techniques of traditional performance in all others African countries such as Nigeria, Ghana, Senegal etc.

In this view we’ll conclude by saying that African theater is based on traditional background even after modifications by the Europeans. Africa is a continent with many different types of cultural activities and among these many still remain unknown to Europeans.

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